As
those of us who ride know, motorcycles and cars are completely
different animals. Each can be tamed, but the bikes tend to bite harder.
We, the operators, have the final say on the safety of our machines
prior to a ride. Without all the steel, belts, and bags of a car,
motorcyclists are more vulnerable to the dangers the modern roadway
throws at us. One way to even things out is to make sure our machines
are able to perform to their engineered capabilities, especially in the
handling and braking departments. One of the most basic ways to ensure a
motorcycle handles properly is to adjust the preload to a setting
appropriate to the weight that will be added to the bike.
The concept of preload is simple. Motorcycles, unlike cars, don’t
tend to weigh too much more than their operators. A 200-pound man in a
3800-pound car is one-twentieth of their combined weight of 4000 pounds.
A 200-pound man on a 600-pound motorcycle is one-fourth of the total
weight (800 pounds) of both rolling down the street. Manufacturers take
this into consideration and the bike should still handle well. Now, put
that guy’s 250-pound girlfriend and gear combo on the back (Sturgis
anyone?) and the total weight is 1,050 pounds. The suspension is now
under a load that is over two-thirds the weight of the bike alone.
Someone might want to let the suspension know this prior to pulling into
traffic. Preload adjusts the suspension to compensate for the larger
load. (Motorcycle engineers are awesome!) Typically, an adjustable
mechanism compresses the spring that surrounds the shock slightly,
making it “stiffer.” The result is that the suspension is better able to
handle the forces applied by the added weight. A further benefit is the
geometry of the motorcycle is kept nearer to its ideal position.
The
motorcycle’s geometry is important to operational safety. In a
situation where a bike is loaded heavily to the rear, one will likely
end up with a front-high, tail-low posture. Shining your headlight off
the road and into the trees, or into the eyes of some 16-year-old coming
at you on his first night out with his shiny new license may be a
concern. If not, there are other factors to ponder.
Maneuvering and braking performance in this circumstance will suffer,
especially in an emergency. Relatively little braking power comes from
the rear wheel, yet much of the overall mass would be situated nearer
that point. The forks would have to load up (compress) prior to the
front tire traction being sufficient to accommodate the braking forces
necessary during an emergency stop. That takes valuable time and
distance. In an evasive turning maneuver, the front tire could be more
susceptible to “washing out” due to the aforementioned lessened handling
characteristics when trying to change the direction of all that
rearward mass. Braking and swerving involve the dynamic changing of
speed and direction, otherwise known as a vector. This can spell
double-barrel havoc in those moments when you need every ounce of help
you can get. In an emergency you don’t need your bike working against
you. Having the bike sitting properly really helps level the playing
field (pun intended).
Leveling the bike means looking up front sometimes as well. Some
motorcycles, such as BMW’s, have preload adjustment in the front
suspension. The ability to adjust the front suspension translates into
improved handling. But, not every bike is designed for preload to be
adjusted easily up front. Sometimes the only way to adjust the forks for
load is to change-out the fork springs or even the entire forks,
usually, this is done as an upgrade by those who know they’ll be riding
heavy a lot of the time. However, more and more manufacturers are
allowing for the adjustment of rebound and compression both up front and
in back. These adjustments address how the suspension responds moving
into and out of a loaded condition.
Remember, be it riding solo, two-up, laden with gear, or whatever
combination thereof, adjusting the preload on a motorcycle can help it
handle better and more safely. Folks who are unfamiliar should consult
their owner’s manual on adjusting the suspension settings for their
specific machines. Dealerships, mechanics, and even online tutorials can
provide valuable insight and instruction for proper suspension setup.
Don’t be afraid to adjust and readjust to your liking. Make adjusting
the preload part of your pre-ride check. Make it a habit.
Text and Photography: Charles Neeley